TA的每日心情 | 开心 2021-3-12 23:18 |
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签到天数: 2 天 [LV.1]初来乍到
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本人是一个EL(Expression Language,以下译为表达式语言)的支持者。因为我对<% %>写法极为反感,忘记了在那本书上看到的一句话――“使用标志(Tag)的一个目的就是避免在JSP页面中出现过多的<%%>的语句,使页面与后台代码分离。” 表达式语言主要有以下几大好处:
避免(MyType) request.getAttribute()和myBean.getMyProperty()之类的语句,使页面更简洁;
支持运算符(如+-*/),比普通的标志具有更高的自由度和更强的功能;
简单明了地表达代码逻辑,使用代码更可读与便于维护。
Struts 2中的表达式语言 Struts 2支持以下几种表达式语言:
OGNL(Object-Graph Navigation Language),可以方便地操作对象属性的开源表达式语言;
JSTL(JSP Standard Tag Library),JSP 2.0集成的标准的表达式语言;
Groovy,基于java平台的动态语言,它具有时下比较流行的动态语言(如python、Ruby和Smarttalk等)的一些起特性;
Velocity,严格来说不是表达式语言,它是一种基于Java的模板匹配引擎,具说其性能要比JSP好。
Struts 2默认的表达式语言是OGNL,原因是它相对其它表达式语言具有下面几大优势:
支持对象方法调用,如xxx.doSomeSpecial();
支持类静态的方法调用和值访问,表达式的格式为@[类全名(包括包路径)]@[方法名 | 值名],例如:@java.lang.String@format("foo %s", "bar")或@tutorial.MyConstant@APP_NAME;
支持赋值操作和表达式串联,如price=100, discount=0.8, calculatePrice(),这个表达式会返回80;
访问OGNL上下文(OGNL context)和ActionContext;
操作集合对象。
OGNL的用法 OGNL是通常要结合Struts 2的标志一起使用,如<s:property value="xx" />等。大家经常遇到的问题是#、%和$这三个符号的使用。下面我想通过例子讲述这个问题: 首先新建名为Struts2_OGNL的Web工程,配置开发环境。之前很多朋友在使用Struts 2的过程中都遇到乱码问题。当然乱码问题由来已久,而且涉及多方面的知识,所以并非三言两语可以说明白,而且互联网上也已经有很多这方便的文章,大家可以Google一下。不过,如果你在开发的过程,多注意一下,避免乱码问题也不难。乱码多数是由于编码与解码所使用的方式不同造成的,所以我建议大家将编码方式都设为“utf-8”,如<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/HTML; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding="utf-8" %>。另外,在配置web.xml时使用ActionContextCleanUp过滤器(Filter),如下面代码所示:
<?
xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
?>
<
web-app
id
="WebApp_9"
version
="2.4"
xmlns
="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"
xmlns:xsi
="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation
="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"
>
<
display-name
>
Struts 2 OGNL
</
display-name
>
<
filter
>
<
filter-name
>
struts-cleanup
</
filter-name
>
<
filter-class
>
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.ActionContextCleanUp
</
filter-class
>
</
filter
>
<
filter-mapping
>
<
filter-name
>
struts-cleanup
</
filter-name
>
<
url-pattern
>
/*
</
url-pattern
>
</
filter-mapping
>
<
filter
>
<
filter-name
>
struts2
</
filter-name
>
<
filter-class
>
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher
</
filter-class
>
</
filter
>
<
filter-mapping
>
<
filter-name
>
struts2
</
filter-name
>
<
url-pattern
>
/*
</
url-pattern
>
</
filter-mapping
>
<
welcome-file-list
>
<
welcome-file
>
index.html
</
welcome-file
>
</
welcome-file-list
>
</
web-app
>
清单1 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml “#”主要有三种用途:
访问OGNL上下文和Action上下文,#相当于ActionContext.getContext();下表有几个ActionContext中有用的属性:
名称
作用
例子
parameters
包含当前HTTP请求参数的Map
#parameters.id[0]作用相当于request.getParameter("id")
request
包含当前HttpServletRequest的属性(attribute)的Map
#request.userName相当于request.getAttribute("userName")
session
包含当前HttpSession的属性(attribute)的Map
#session.userName相当于session.getAttribute("userName")
application
包含当前应用的ServletContext的属性(attribute)的Map
#application.userName相当于application.getAttribute("userName")
attr
用于按request > session > application顺序访问其属性(attribute)
#attr.userName相当于按顺序在以上三个范围(scope)内读取userName属性,直到找到为止
用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合,如books.{?#this.price<100};
构造Map,如#{"foo1":"bar1", "foo2":"bar2"}。
下面让我们它们的具体写法,首先是Action类代码:
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package
tutorial.action;
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import
java.util.LinkedList;
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import
java.util.List;
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import
java.util.Map;
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import
javax.servlet.ServletContext;
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import
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
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import
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletRequestAware;
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import
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.SessionAware;
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import
org.apache.struts2.util.ServletContextAware;
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import
tutorial.model.Book;
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import
com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
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 
public
class
OgnlAction
extends
ActionSupport
implements
ServletRequestAware, SessionAware, ServletContextAware
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{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private HttpServletRequest request;
private Map<String, String> session;
private ServletContext application;
private List<Book> books;
 public void setServletRequest(HttpServletRequest request) {
this.request = request;
}

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public void setSession(Map session) {
this.session = session;
}

 public void setServletContext(ServletContext application) {
this.application = application;
}
 public List<Book> getBooks() {
return books;
}

@Override
 public String execute() {
request.setAttribute("userName", "Max From request");
session.put("userName", "Max From session");
application.setAttribute("userName", "Max From application");
books = new LinkedList<Book>();
books.add(new Book("978-0735619678", "Code Complete, Second Edition", 32.99));
books.add(new Book("978-0596007867", "The Art of Project Management", 35.96));
books.add(new Book("978-0201633610", "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software", 43.19));
books.add(new Book("978-0596527341", "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites", 25.19));
books.add(new Book("978-0735605350", "Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art", 25.19));
return SUCCESS;
}
}
清单2 src/tutorial/action/OgnlAction.java
以上代码分别在request、session和application的范围内添加“userName”属性,然后再在JSP页面使用OGNL将其取回。我还创建了Book对象的列表用于演示“用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合”的功能,至于Book的代码大家可以在我前一文章《在Struts 2中实现CRUD》看到。 下面是Ognl.jsp的代码,内容如下:
<%
@ page language
=
"
java
"
contentType
=
"
text/html; charset=utf-8
"
pageEncoding
=
"
utf-8
"
%>
<%
@ taglib prefix
=
"
s
"
uri
=
"
/struts-tags
"
%>
<!
DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"
>
<
html
xmlns
="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
>
<
head
>
<
title
>
Struts OGNL Demo
</
title
>
</
head
>
<
body
>
<
h3
>
访问OGNL上下文和Action上下文
</
h3
>
<
p
>
parameters:
<
s:property
value
="#parameters.userName"
/></
p
>
<
p
>
request.userName:
<
s:property
value
="#request.userName"
/></
p
>
<
p
>
session.userName:
<
s:property
value
="#session.userName"
/></
p
>
<
p
>
application.userName:
<
s:property
value
="#application.userName"
/></
p
>
<
p
>
attr.userName:
<
s:property
value
="#attr.userName"
/></
p
>
<
hr
/>
<
h3
>
用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合
</
h3
>
<
p
>
Books more than $35
</
p
>
<
ul
>
<
s:iterator
value
="books.{?#this.price > 35}"
>
<
li
><
s:property
value
="title"
/>
- $
<
s:property
value
="price"
/></
li
>
</
s:iterator
>
</
ul
>
<
p
>
The price of "Code Complete, Second Edition" is:
<
s:property
value
="books.{?#this.title=="Code Complete, Second Edition"}.{price}[0]"
/></
p
>
<
hr
/>
<
h3
>
构造Map
</
h3
>
<
s:set
name
="foobar"
value
="#{"foo1":"bar1", "foo2":"bar2"}"
/>
<
p
>
The value of key "foo1" is
<
s:property
value
="#foobar["foo1"]"
/></
p
>
</
body
>
</
html
>
清单3 WebContent/Ognl.jsp 以上代码值得注意的是“<s:property value="books.{?#this.title=="Code Complete, Second Edition"}.{price}[0]"/>”,因为“books.{?#this.title=="Code Complete, Second Edition"}.{price}”返回的值是集合类型,所以要用“[索引]”来访问其值。 最后是Struts 2的配置文件struts.xml,内容如下:
<?
xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
?>
<!
DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd"
>
<
struts
>
<
constant
name
="struts.devMode"
value
="true"
/>
<
package
name
="Struts2_OGNL_DEMO"
extends
="struts-default"
>
<
action
name
="Ognl"
class
="tutorial.action.OgnlAction"
>
<
result
>
/Ognl.jsp
</
result
>
</
action
>
</
package
>
</
struts
>
清单4 src/struts.xml
发布运行应用程序,结果如下所示: 
清单5 示例运行结果1 “%”符号的用途是在标志的属性为字符串类型时,计算OGNL表达式的值。例如在Ognl.jsp中加入以下代码:
<
hr
/>
<
h3
>
%的用途
</
h3
>
<
p
><
s:url
value
="#foobar["foo1"]"
/></
p
>
<
p
><
s:url
value
="%{#foobar["foo1"]}"
/></
p
>
清单6 演示%用途的代码片段 刷新页面,结果如下所示: 清单7 示例运行结果2 “$”有两个主要的用途
用于在国际化资源文件中,引用OGNL表达式,例子请参考《在Struts 2.0中国际化(i18n)您的应用程序》
在Struts 2配置文件中,引用OGNL表达式,如
<
action
name
="AddPhoto"
class
="addPhoto"
>
<
interceptor-ref
name
="fileUploadStack"
/>
<
result
type
="redirect"
>
ListPhotos.action?albumId=
</
result
>
</
action
>
清单8 演示$用途的代码片段
总结 OGNL是一种功能很大的表达式语言,熟悉它可以使我们的开发变得更快捷。 |
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